Keynotes

Turning Decisions into Intelligence with the Agent Proxy Protocol

Calvin Pak is an engineering leader and independent researcher focused on decision intelligence and data sovereignty. A UC Berkeley graduate in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, he began his career in finance at JPMorgan and Wells Fargo, founded and sold a gaming studio with over 12 million installations, and has been building AI and blockchain systems since 2018. His work has brought secure execution to AI agents, and his cutting-edge research explores a ledger system for building self-improving decision intelligence.

Calvin Pak
Dr. Marilyne Ordekian

Assistant Professor, Durham Law School

Understanding Wrench Attacks: When Cryptocurrency Crime Becomes Physical.

Dr Marilyne Ordekian is an Assistant Professor at Durham Law School, specialising in the intersection of law, financial technologies and cybersecurity. She completed her interdisciplinary EPSRC-funded PhD in UCL Computer Science through the Cybersecurity CDT. Her research mixes methodologies from computer science and law, and focuses on cryptocurrency regulation and governance, cybercrime, and the legal and security implications of AI.

Cryptocurrency wrench attacks are physical attacks targeting cryptocurrency users in the real world to illegally obtain cryptocurrencies. These attacks significantly undermine the efficacy of existing digital security norms when confronted with real-world threats. We present the first comprehensive study on wrench attacks. We propose a theoretical approach to defining wrench attacks per criminal law norms, and an interdisciplinary empirical approach to measure their incidence. Leveraging three data sources, we perform crime script analysis, detecting incidents globally across 10 interviews with victims and experts, 146 news articles, and 37 online forums. Our findings reveal diverse groups of attackers ranging from organized crime groups to friends and family, various modi operandi, and different forms of attacks varying from blackmail to murder. Despite existing since Bitcoin’s early days, these attacks are underreported due to revictimization fears. Additionally, unlike other cryptocurrency crimes, users with advanced security experience were not immune to them. We identify potential vulnerabilities in users’ behavior and encourage cryptocurrency holders to lean into digital as well as physical safety measures to protect themselves and their cryptocurrency. We offer actionable recommendations for the security community and regulators, highlighting the double-edged sword of Know Your Customer policies.

 
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